Hair loss in ferrets.
AlopeciaAlopecia is the complete or partial loss of hair in areas where it is normally present. This is a common disorder in ferrets and, depending on the underlying cause, it can be treated. Middle-aged ferrets (between the ages of three and seven), or ferrets which are neutered (males) or spayed (females) are most prone to hair loss.
Symptoms and Types The primary sign of alopecia is unusual hair loss. Symptoms may progress suddenly or slowly. But the exact pattern and degree of hair loss may help determine the cause of alopecia and identify the condition as primary (happened on its own) or secondary (occurred due to another illness).
For example, large and diffuse areas of hair loss are common signs of alopecia resulting from metabolic conditions or a genetic condition known as folliculardysplasia. Conversely, patchy sections of hair loss typically result from bacterial or parasitic infections, and may occur suddenly or progress slowly over time.
CausesThe most most common cause for ferret alopecia is adrenal disease, a disorder affecting the adrenal glands. Other causes for alopecia include:
Symptoms and Types The primary sign of alopecia is unusual hair loss. Symptoms may progress suddenly or slowly. But the exact pattern and degree of hair loss may help determine the cause of alopecia and identify the condition as primary (happened on its own) or secondary (occurred due to another illness).
For example, large and diffuse areas of hair loss are common signs of alopecia resulting from metabolic conditions or a genetic condition known as folliculardysplasia. Conversely, patchy sections of hair loss typically result from bacterial or parasitic infections, and may occur suddenly or progress slowly over time.
CausesThe most most common cause for ferret alopecia is adrenal disease, a disorder affecting the adrenal glands. Other causes for alopecia include:
- Immune disorders
- Allergic reactions
- Bacterial infections
- Parasitic infections (e.g., fleas, ear mites)
- Nutritional problems (i.e., protein, fat or other essential nutrient deficiencies)
- DiagnosisTo diagnose the ferret with alopecia, your veterinarian will first want to rule out other causes for the ferret’s hair loss such as skin cancer and hormone imbalance. Then, depending on the underlying cause, your veterinarian will conduct a series of examinations to confirm the diagnosis. This may include blood and chemistry analysis to test for anemia, infection or hormone and steroid imbalance.
- TreatmentTreatment is dependent on the underlying cause of the hair loss. For example, tumors are excised in the case of cancer, and adrenal glands are surgically removed in the case of adrenal disease. Parasites, on the other hand, are removed using creams or other topical agents. Consult your veterinarian for the best course of treatment in your ferret's case.
Living and ManagementBring the ferret to the veterinarian for regular follow-up appointments so that they may monitor the animal's condition and the progress of the treatment.
PreventionAs there are numerous causes for alopecia, no specific prevention method can be recommended. However, a healthy lifestyle, well-balanced diet with sufficient protein, and general cleanliness of the ferret's habitat may be helpful in avoiding needless hair loss.
Diarrhea in Ferrets
There are many different types and causes of diarrhea in ferrets. Relatively common among animals, it can cause loose stool, stomach pains and other gastrointestinal problems in ferrets. Diarrhea can also be a secondary symptom to another (sometimes more serious) condition.
Symptoms and TypesThe symptoms of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the illness, but most often include watery or loose stools, abdominal swelling or distension, and lethargy. If it persists for long periods of time, it can even cause the ferret to become dehydrated.
Inflammatory and infectious diarrhea are two serious forms of the condition. They can lead to permanent changes in the ferret's abdominal and intestinal wall lining, causing malabsorption (an inability to absorb nutrients during digestion) and other similar problems.
Causes There are many different causes for diarrhea in ferrets. It can be due to a poor diet, an adverse drug or environmental reaction, or just an upset stomach. Some of the more common causes for diarrhea in ferrets include:
Symptoms and TypesThe symptoms of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the illness, but most often include watery or loose stools, abdominal swelling or distension, and lethargy. If it persists for long periods of time, it can even cause the ferret to become dehydrated.
Inflammatory and infectious diarrhea are two serious forms of the condition. They can lead to permanent changes in the ferret's abdominal and intestinal wall lining, causing malabsorption (an inability to absorb nutrients during digestion) and other similar problems.
Causes There are many different causes for diarrhea in ferrets. It can be due to a poor diet, an adverse drug or environmental reaction, or just an upset stomach. Some of the more common causes for diarrhea in ferrets include:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., helicobacter mustelae, campylobacter sp.,clostridium sp.)
- Viral infections (e.g., rotavirus)
- Parasitic infections (e.g., coccidia, giardia and cryptospiridum sp., all which can also affect humans)
- Metabolic disorders and systemic diseases – these are often chronic and debilitating causes for diarrhea.
- Diagnosis Your veterinarian will probably run a variety of laboratory tests to rule out certain causes of diarrhea and properly diagnose the source of the condition. Some clues that will help determine the cause include the duration of the diarrhea, the overall health of the ferret and whether or not it presents any other chronic disease symptoms.
Ferrets with underlying disorders may display such symptoms as anemia, increased serum protein and gastrointestinal bleeding. Some may have abnormally high or low levels of certain blood proteins. Fecal cultures done by the veterinarian may also reveal fungi, bacteria or parasites growing in the animal's stool.
- TreatmentTreatment in cases of diarrhea depends on the underlying cause of the condition. For example, food poisoning may require fluid therapy for rehydration; otherwise, this type of diarrhea will generally clear itself on its own. Meanwhile, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections will require antibiotic, antifungal or antiparasitic medication, prescribed by your veterinarian. During severe cases of diarrhea, however, the ferret will need hospitalization to monitor the animal until it is stabilized.
Living and ManagementOther than rest, a ferret suffering from diarrhea will need fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy. If the symptoms and diarrhea persist, bring the animal back to the veterinarian.
Vomiting in Ferrets
Why Do Ferrets Throw Up?Much like in humans, the ejection of a ferret's stomach contents through the mouth is known as vomiting. It occurs less frequently in ferrets when compared to dogs and cats, but you should be aware of it nonetheless.
Vomiting may be brought on by neurological issues, adverse drug reactions, or motion sickness. Various metabolic or bacterial toxins or inner ear imbalance will also trigger vomiting.
Symptoms and Types Symptoms of vomiting include heaving, retching, and partially digested food coming up, along with a yellow fluid called bile. The contents being expelled may be in predigested form, tubular in shape, and often covered with a slimy mucus. The ferret's stools, meanwhile, may appear black and tarry. If the ferret becomes dehydrated, the mucous membranes will become dry and pale.
Signs of nausea, which often immediately prior to vomiting, include excess saliva production, licking of the lips, and pawing of the mouth. The ferret may even suffer extreme weight loss if it vomiting chronically.
CausesSome risk factors include:
Diagnosis There are so many possibilities for this condition that determining a cause for the vomiting may take some time. You will need to cooperate with your veterinarian in trying to pinpoint if there is anything related to your pet’s background or habits that might account for it.
To start, your veterinarian will need to differentiate between vomiting andregurgitation in order to determine whether the cause is gastric or non-gastric (i.e., based in the stomach, or not). You will want to pay close attention to the pattern of your ferret's vomiting so you can give a thorough description of the symptoms, as well as how soon after eating the vomiting occurs. Your doctor will ask you to describe the appearance of the vomit, and what your pet looks like when it vomits.
If your ferret is retching, and heaving from the belly, it is probably vomiting. The food that is in the vomit will be partially digested and somewhat liquid. A yellow fluid called bile will normally be present along with the expelled stomach contents. If the pet is regurgitating, your pet will lower its head and the food will be expelled without a lot of effort. The food will be undigested and probably will be tubular in shape, more solid than not. Often it is covered with a slimy mucus. Your pet may try to re-eat the regurgitated food. It is a good idea to keep a sample of the expelled content, so that when you take your pet to see the veterinarian, an examination can be made to determine whether the material is vomit or regurgitation, and what might be present in the contents.
A few diagnostic procedures your veterinarian may use to identify the underlying cause include blood and urine analysis; X-rays and ultrasounds; endoscopy to evaluate inflammation, erosions and ulcers; or exploratory laparotomy and surgicalbiopsy if tumors are suspected.
TreatmentOnce the cause of the vomiting is determined, your veterinarian will be able to come up with a course of treatment. Some possibilities:
Vomiting may be brought on by neurological issues, adverse drug reactions, or motion sickness. Various metabolic or bacterial toxins or inner ear imbalance will also trigger vomiting.
Symptoms and Types Symptoms of vomiting include heaving, retching, and partially digested food coming up, along with a yellow fluid called bile. The contents being expelled may be in predigested form, tubular in shape, and often covered with a slimy mucus. The ferret's stools, meanwhile, may appear black and tarry. If the ferret becomes dehydrated, the mucous membranes will become dry and pale.
Signs of nausea, which often immediately prior to vomiting, include excess saliva production, licking of the lips, and pawing of the mouth. The ferret may even suffer extreme weight loss if it vomiting chronically.
CausesSome risk factors include:
- Dietary changes
- Ingestion of raw meat products, which may contain bacterial enteritis, cryptosporidiosis
- Exposure to other ferrets, which may expose the animal to Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (ECE) or other infectious diseases
- Unsupervised chewing (foreign bodies)
- Stress, debility (predisposes to Helicobacter-induced gastritis)
- Vaccine reaction
Diagnosis There are so many possibilities for this condition that determining a cause for the vomiting may take some time. You will need to cooperate with your veterinarian in trying to pinpoint if there is anything related to your pet’s background or habits that might account for it.
To start, your veterinarian will need to differentiate between vomiting andregurgitation in order to determine whether the cause is gastric or non-gastric (i.e., based in the stomach, or not). You will want to pay close attention to the pattern of your ferret's vomiting so you can give a thorough description of the symptoms, as well as how soon after eating the vomiting occurs. Your doctor will ask you to describe the appearance of the vomit, and what your pet looks like when it vomits.
If your ferret is retching, and heaving from the belly, it is probably vomiting. The food that is in the vomit will be partially digested and somewhat liquid. A yellow fluid called bile will normally be present along with the expelled stomach contents. If the pet is regurgitating, your pet will lower its head and the food will be expelled without a lot of effort. The food will be undigested and probably will be tubular in shape, more solid than not. Often it is covered with a slimy mucus. Your pet may try to re-eat the regurgitated food. It is a good idea to keep a sample of the expelled content, so that when you take your pet to see the veterinarian, an examination can be made to determine whether the material is vomit or regurgitation, and what might be present in the contents.
A few diagnostic procedures your veterinarian may use to identify the underlying cause include blood and urine analysis; X-rays and ultrasounds; endoscopy to evaluate inflammation, erosions and ulcers; or exploratory laparotomy and surgicalbiopsy if tumors are suspected.
TreatmentOnce the cause of the vomiting is determined, your veterinarian will be able to come up with a course of treatment. Some possibilities:
- Anti-emetics to prevent nausea and vomiting, especially for post surgery and chemotherapy related nausea
- Antibiotics to treat ulcer-causing bacteria
- Corticosteroids for inflammatory bowel disease
- Fluid and electrolyte therapy
- Dietary changes
- Surgery if a tumor is found to be the cause
Abnormally Large Kidneys in Ferrets
Renomegaly in FerretsThis is a condition where one or both kidneys become abnormally large, confirmed by abdominal palpation, ultrasounds, or X-rays. It can occur due to the presence of cysts, swelling due to kidney infection, inflammation, or urinary tract obstruction, among other other things. Renomegaly can affect all the ferret's body systems: respiratory, nervous, hormonal, urinary and digestive. Typically, it is seen in middle-aged to older ferrets.
Symptoms and TypesThere are occasions when the ferret is asymptomatic, or does not display any signs whatsoever. However, some of the more common symptoms seen in ferrets with renomegaly include:
Diagnosis In addition to a complete blood profile and a urinalysis, a palpation exam and X-rays may be used to assist your veterinarian in visualizing the abnormality in the kidney size, and thus diagnose your ferret's condition. Aspiration of renal fluid and a biopsyis another procedure often used in ferrets suspected of having renomegaly.
Treatment Your ferret will be treated on an outpatient basis unless it is suffering fromdehydration or renal failure. Treatment will begin with diagnosing and treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid balance with intravenous fluids if necessary, and replenishing minerals and electrolytes. If your ferret is otherwise healthy, a normal diet and normal exercise will be advised.
Drugs prescribed by your veterinarian will vary according to the underlying cause of renomegaly. However, drugs that may have a toxic effect on the kidneys should be avoided.
Living and ManagementYour veterinarian will want to see your ferret during regular follow-up examinations, where he or she will assess the animal's physical recovery and hydration status.
If your ferret's symptoms return, you will need to contact the veterinarian immediately. Possible complications of renomegaly include kidney failure and hormone imbalances that mimic hormone-producing cancers.
Symptoms and TypesThere are occasions when the ferret is asymptomatic, or does not display any signs whatsoever. However, some of the more common symptoms seen in ferrets with renomegaly include:
- Lethargy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite (anorexia)
- Pale mucous membrane
- Abdominal pain and distension
Diagnosis In addition to a complete blood profile and a urinalysis, a palpation exam and X-rays may be used to assist your veterinarian in visualizing the abnormality in the kidney size, and thus diagnose your ferret's condition. Aspiration of renal fluid and a biopsyis another procedure often used in ferrets suspected of having renomegaly.
Treatment Your ferret will be treated on an outpatient basis unless it is suffering fromdehydration or renal failure. Treatment will begin with diagnosing and treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid balance with intravenous fluids if necessary, and replenishing minerals and electrolytes. If your ferret is otherwise healthy, a normal diet and normal exercise will be advised.
Drugs prescribed by your veterinarian will vary according to the underlying cause of renomegaly. However, drugs that may have a toxic effect on the kidneys should be avoided.
Living and ManagementYour veterinarian will want to see your ferret during regular follow-up examinations, where he or she will assess the animal's physical recovery and hydration status.
If your ferret's symptoms return, you will need to contact the veterinarian immediately. Possible complications of renomegaly include kidney failure and hormone imbalances that mimic hormone-producing cancers.
Accumulation of Fluid in the Abdomen of Ferrets
AscitesAscites, also known as abdominal effusion, is the medical term referring to the buildup of fluid in the abdomen. In ferrets, this may cause symptoms such as weight gain, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite. A wide variety of causes may be responsible for ascites, thus treatments vary accordingly.
Symptoms
The body systems usually affected by this disorder typically include the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal (including the kidneys and bladder), lymph and immune systems. The signs and symptoms may include the following:
The causes for ascites are varied but may include the following:
To diagnose ascites, your veterinarian will conduct an ascetic fluid evaluation on the ferret. This involves the removal of abdominal fluid to analyze for characteristics such as bacterial presence, protein makeup, and bleeding. The veterinarian may also analyze the urine or run X-rays and ultrasounds to determine the cause of abdominal fluid buildup.
Treatment
Treatment is largely dependent on the underlying cause of the case of ascites. If symptoms are severe and the ferret is having great discomfort, the abdomen may be tapped to remove fluid and make the animal more comfortable. Corrective surgery may be necessary in some cases; e.g., if a tumor is present or to control abdominal bleeding.
Medications are determined according to the underlying cause. For instance, fluid buildup due to bacterial infection (known as septic ascites) requires antibiotic therapy. It is important to note that aggressive medication treatment with diuretics, which are used to remove excess body fluid, may cause low levels of potassium in the blood, a condition known as hypokalemia. This can worsen symptoms and lead to further complications.
Living and Management
Follow-up care will include nutritional support and proper care for any wounds associated with surgery, as well as any care involved with addressing the underlying cause for ascites. Your veterinarian may follow up by checking electrolytes and liver panels to help maintain the ferret's health. Diuretic or fluid balance medications may be necessary over the long term to control edema or fluid retention in the ferret.
Prevention
Because there are many different causes of ascites, there is no surefire prevention method that can be recommended. To avoid abdominal fluid buildup due to trauma, however, keep the ferret in a confined location or on a leash to prevent access to roads and other dangerous areas where traumatic incidents may occur.
Symptoms
The body systems usually affected by this disorder typically include the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal (including the kidneys and bladder), lymph and immune systems. The signs and symptoms may include the following:
- Weight gain
- Lethargy and fatigue
- An unsteady gait or incoordination
- Inability to eat or loss of appetite
- Abdominal distension or a bloated appearance
- Abdominal discomfort or pain during palpation
The causes for ascites are varied but may include the following:
- Chronic heart failure or cardiomyopathy
- Gastrointestinal and kidney diseases
- An inflammation of the inner wall of the abdomen (or peritonitis)
- Imbalances of electrolytes, such as potassium and salt, in the body
- Obstruction of certain heart valves and veins, including the vena cava, which returns blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
To diagnose ascites, your veterinarian will conduct an ascetic fluid evaluation on the ferret. This involves the removal of abdominal fluid to analyze for characteristics such as bacterial presence, protein makeup, and bleeding. The veterinarian may also analyze the urine or run X-rays and ultrasounds to determine the cause of abdominal fluid buildup.
Treatment
Treatment is largely dependent on the underlying cause of the case of ascites. If symptoms are severe and the ferret is having great discomfort, the abdomen may be tapped to remove fluid and make the animal more comfortable. Corrective surgery may be necessary in some cases; e.g., if a tumor is present or to control abdominal bleeding.
Medications are determined according to the underlying cause. For instance, fluid buildup due to bacterial infection (known as septic ascites) requires antibiotic therapy. It is important to note that aggressive medication treatment with diuretics, which are used to remove excess body fluid, may cause low levels of potassium in the blood, a condition known as hypokalemia. This can worsen symptoms and lead to further complications.
Living and Management
Follow-up care will include nutritional support and proper care for any wounds associated with surgery, as well as any care involved with addressing the underlying cause for ascites. Your veterinarian may follow up by checking electrolytes and liver panels to help maintain the ferret's health. Diuretic or fluid balance medications may be necessary over the long term to control edema or fluid retention in the ferret.
Prevention
Because there are many different causes of ascites, there is no surefire prevention method that can be recommended. To avoid abdominal fluid buildup due to trauma, however, keep the ferret in a confined location or on a leash to prevent access to roads and other dangerous areas where traumatic incidents may occur.
Adrenal Disease in Ferrets
Spontaneous Hyperadrenocorticism and Other Such DiseasesAdrenal disease is any disorder affecting the adrenal glands -- endocrine glands that are responsible for synthesizing certain hormones. It is a common and oftensystemic(Or far-reaching) disease affecting many animals; in this case, ferrets. Typically, adrenal disorders occur when a ferret produces too many hormones because of an underlying disease or condition.
SymptomsFerrets suffering from an adrenal disease display various signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms are most common among ferrets that have been either neutered(Males) or spayed(Females). While ferrets typically begin to demonstrate symptoms between the ages of three and four, those as young as one or as old as seven years of age may also exhibit symptoms. Such symptoms, which vary in severity, may include:
DiagnosisTo diagnose the ferret with adrenal disease, your veterinarian will first want to rule out other causes for the ferret’s symptoms, including lymphoma, urinary tract infections, cystitis, and alopecia. Otherwise, they will perform diagnostic tests to check if the ferret's blood sugar levels are low or if the steroid hormones estradiol and androstenedione are levels are abnormally high, both good indicators of adrenal disease. The veterinarian may also take X-rays of the animal to identify any cysts in its genital tracts or to detect an enlarged spleen or liver.
TreatmentTreatment typically involves the removal of the ferret's adrenal glands. The veterinarian may also recommend administering medication that suppress certain hormones, such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and testoterone.
Living and ManagementYou must bring the ferret in for its regular follow-up appointments to ensure the disease remains in remission.
PreventionSome studies suggest early neutering or spaying of the ferret may help prevent adrenal disease in young ferrets.
SymptomsFerrets suffering from an adrenal disease display various signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms are most common among ferrets that have been either neutered(Males) or spayed(Females). While ferrets typically begin to demonstrate symptoms between the ages of three and four, those as young as one or as old as seven years of age may also exhibit symptoms. Such symptoms, which vary in severity, may include:
- Loss of hair
- Abdominal pain
- Frequent urination
- Discharge from reproductive organs
- Cysts in the reproductive organs, especially in the genital tract
- Swollen sex organs, especially among females that are spayed
- Blood disorders (e.g., anemia, low red blood cells or iron)
- Swollen adrenal glands
- Cancerous tumors along the adrenal glands
DiagnosisTo diagnose the ferret with adrenal disease, your veterinarian will first want to rule out other causes for the ferret’s symptoms, including lymphoma, urinary tract infections, cystitis, and alopecia. Otherwise, they will perform diagnostic tests to check if the ferret's blood sugar levels are low or if the steroid hormones estradiol and androstenedione are levels are abnormally high, both good indicators of adrenal disease. The veterinarian may also take X-rays of the animal to identify any cysts in its genital tracts or to detect an enlarged spleen or liver.
TreatmentTreatment typically involves the removal of the ferret's adrenal glands. The veterinarian may also recommend administering medication that suppress certain hormones, such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and testoterone.
Living and ManagementYou must bring the ferret in for its regular follow-up appointments to ensure the disease remains in remission.
PreventionSome studies suggest early neutering or spaying of the ferret may help prevent adrenal disease in young ferrets.
Aleutian Disease in Ferrets
Aleutian disease is a parvovirus that ferrets contract from other ferrets and mink. As the virus spreads through a ferret’s body, the ferret’s antibodies -- the protective immune system -- attack the virus, forming complexes which collect in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and other organs causing them to fail.
The disease is incurable and if you have a multi-ferret household, you should consider testing your other ferrets for Aleutian disease and having them euthanized should they be positive.
Ferrets which contract this disease may appear healthy and act as carriers (persistent nonprogressive form), lose weight over time (progressive form) or become very ill and die (another progressive form).
It is also possible for a ferret to have caught the disease and to have fully recovered, not being a carrier (nonprogressive form). However, the vast majority of infected ferrets will become very ill and die (progressive form). Fortunately, this disease is not terribly common.
Symptoms and Types
Diagnosis Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam on the ferret. He/she will take a thorough history from the owner and order a blood chemical profile, a complete blood count, an electrolyte panel, and a urinalysis.
Your veterinarian will also want to do more specific tests, such as a counter electrophoresis to check for high antibody levels. If the ferret is not showing signs of illness because it has a persistent nonprogressive form or a nonprogressive form, it can be tested with immunofluorescent antibody testing to see if it is a source of the parvovirus. Laboratory testing of samples using polymerase chain reaction can also identify the virus.
TreatmentIf your ferret is a carrier of the virus but it seems healthy, you could quarantine your ferret away from other pets. If you own other ferrets, you may want to have your ferrets tested and cull all the animals harboring the parvovirus.
Living and ManagementThis disease can take up to two to three years to become active and cause illness. The best way to prevent it is to keep your ferrets away from other ferrets and any mink. Also, you may want to have your ferrets tested (especially if you had a ferret ill with Aleutian disease) and cull the ferrets carrying the parvovirus.
PreventionUnfortunately, there is currently no vaccine for this illness.
The disease is incurable and if you have a multi-ferret household, you should consider testing your other ferrets for Aleutian disease and having them euthanized should they be positive.
Ferrets which contract this disease may appear healthy and act as carriers (persistent nonprogressive form), lose weight over time (progressive form) or become very ill and die (another progressive form).
It is also possible for a ferret to have caught the disease and to have fully recovered, not being a carrier (nonprogressive form). However, the vast majority of infected ferrets will become very ill and die (progressive form). Fortunately, this disease is not terribly common.
Symptoms and Types
- Paleness
- Lethargy
- Muscle wasting
- Weight loss
- Enlarged abdomen
- Black-colored feces
- Weakness in the rear legs
- Neurological signs (e.g., stumbling, circling, difficulty walking, stupor, coma)
Diagnosis Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam on the ferret. He/she will take a thorough history from the owner and order a blood chemical profile, a complete blood count, an electrolyte panel, and a urinalysis.
Your veterinarian will also want to do more specific tests, such as a counter electrophoresis to check for high antibody levels. If the ferret is not showing signs of illness because it has a persistent nonprogressive form or a nonprogressive form, it can be tested with immunofluorescent antibody testing to see if it is a source of the parvovirus. Laboratory testing of samples using polymerase chain reaction can also identify the virus.
TreatmentIf your ferret is a carrier of the virus but it seems healthy, you could quarantine your ferret away from other pets. If you own other ferrets, you may want to have your ferrets tested and cull all the animals harboring the parvovirus.
Living and ManagementThis disease can take up to two to three years to become active and cause illness. The best way to prevent it is to keep your ferrets away from other ferrets and any mink. Also, you may want to have your ferrets tested (especially if you had a ferret ill with Aleutian disease) and cull the ferrets carrying the parvovirus.
PreventionUnfortunately, there is currently no vaccine for this illness.
Bacterial Diarrhea in Ferrets
CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosis is a bacterial infection that results in acute and intense diarrhea and other gastrointestinal conditions in animals. Young ferrets or ferrets with compromised immune systems are more prone to the bacteria. Fortunately, it is a disease that can be treated with fluid therapy and antibiotics.
SymptomsThe primary symptom of campylobacteriosis is diarrhea, which can be either watery, bloody or streaked with mucous. The bacterial infection may also lead to other digestive complications such as the incomplete emptying of the ferret's bowel, resulting in fecal buildup and constipation. Campylobacteriosis can also cause:
Diagnosis After ruling out other causes for diarrhea, such as parasitic and viral infections, your veterinarian will conduct a complete blood count and tests to examine the ferret's electrolyte, sodium and potassium levels. Stool samples from the animal will then be taken to the laboratory for cultures and to confirm the bacteria's presence in the ferret.
Treatment Your veterinarian may recommend treatment on an outpatient basis if the ferret only has a mild case of diarrhea. This will include providing fluids for the ferret, along with an antibiotic regimen to eliminate the bacteria. However, if the ferret's diarrhea is severe, it will require fluid replacement therapy -- usually given intravenously -- and anti-diarrhea medications, in addition to any prescribed antibiotic drugs.
Living and Management Bringing the ferret into the veterinarian for follow-up monitoring and testing will ensure reinfections are immediately identified and treated.
Prevention Because the bacteria which causes campylobacteriosis thrives in poorly sanitized, unhygienic living conditions, keeping your ferret's kennel clean and stool-free will help prevent the animal from contracting the disease.
SymptomsThe primary symptom of campylobacteriosis is diarrhea, which can be either watery, bloody or streaked with mucous. The bacterial infection may also lead to other digestive complications such as the incomplete emptying of the ferret's bowel, resulting in fecal buildup and constipation. Campylobacteriosis can also cause:
- Fever
- Inability to eat
- Vomiting
- Weight loss
Diagnosis After ruling out other causes for diarrhea, such as parasitic and viral infections, your veterinarian will conduct a complete blood count and tests to examine the ferret's electrolyte, sodium and potassium levels. Stool samples from the animal will then be taken to the laboratory for cultures and to confirm the bacteria's presence in the ferret.
Treatment Your veterinarian may recommend treatment on an outpatient basis if the ferret only has a mild case of diarrhea. This will include providing fluids for the ferret, along with an antibiotic regimen to eliminate the bacteria. However, if the ferret's diarrhea is severe, it will require fluid replacement therapy -- usually given intravenously -- and anti-diarrhea medications, in addition to any prescribed antibiotic drugs.
Living and Management Bringing the ferret into the veterinarian for follow-up monitoring and testing will ensure reinfections are immediately identified and treated.
Prevention Because the bacteria which causes campylobacteriosis thrives in poorly sanitized, unhygienic living conditions, keeping your ferret's kennel clean and stool-free will help prevent the animal from contracting the disease.
Bacterial Pneumonia in Ferrets
Bacterial pneumonia is relatively uncommon in ferrets, but when present, should be considered a serious, life-threatening disease. Causing an inflammation of the lungs, it usually occurs secondary to viral infection or aspiration of foreign material. However, the development of the respiratory infection is depending on many factors, including size, inoculation site, number of organisms and their virulence, and resistance of the host.
Symptoms and Types
DiagnosisMany other diseases can account for these symptoms, so your veterinarian will need to rule out such things as viral pneumonia, canine distemper virus, and influenza virus among others. In addition to a thorough physical examination, he or she will do a blood test and urinalysis. Your veterinarian may also conduct microscopic examinations of cells from your ferret’s mucous membranes. If he is unable to make a definitive diagnosis on the basis of these tests, he may order chest X-rays. TreatmentThe course of treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the pneumonia, and possibly the type of bacteria. Typically, your veterinarian will prescribe antibiotics and want to do regular follow-up exams initially. If the ferret has trouble breathing, a nebulizer may be employed. In addition, the ferret should not be should not be allowed to lie in one position for very long at a time. Bleeding Under the Skin of FerretsPetechia Ecchymosis Bruising in FerretsPetechia and ecchymosis refer to a disorder of primary hemostasis, the first step in the process by which blood loss from the body’s blood vessels is prevented. This results in uncharacteristic bleeding into the skin or mucous membranes, which causes bruising.
Petechia and ecchymosis are most commonly seen in female ferrets with hyperestrogenism, a condition characterized by a heightened level of estrogenhormone. Usually, they are caused by thrombocytopenia, a medical condition where blood platelets responsible for forming blood clots, among other things, become too low. Symptoms and TypesBoth of these disorders are evident by unnaturally severe bruises on the body that are more serious than would be expected with any level of trauma experienced. Symptoms include symmetric hair loss (that usually begins at the base of the tail and progresses towards the head), ferret adrenal disease (a condition affecting the adrenal glands located by the kidneys), and splenomegaly (an enlargement of the spleen). Hyperestrogenism in females is considered a risk factor for petechia or ecchymosis. Symptoms of hyperestrogenism include a large vulva and purulentvaginal discharge. Causes The primary cause of patechia and ecchymosis is thrombocytopenia, which reduces the ferret's platelet count. Other causes include low levels of blood platelet production, or an increased use or destruction of platelets (known as consumptive coagulopathy). Additional causes of petechia and ecchymosis have been identified in other animals but not yet reported in ferrets; still, they should be considered. These include acquired platelet function disorders such as liver disease, and immune-mediated disease. Hyperestrogenism, or a heightened level of estrogen hormone, is considered to be a risk factor in female ferrets. Additional risk factors include former administration of aspirin or other Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). DiagnosisMeasuring the mucosa bleeding time -- checking how long it takes for the bleeding of mucous membranes to desist -- is one procedure that can be used to diagnose petechia or ecchymosis. Other diagnostic tests may include a bone marrow examination, abdominal ultrasounds to check for splenomegaly, urine analysis, and coagulation studies to test the body’s blood clotting capabilities. It is imperative that the condition be diagnosed properly and treated accordingly; untreated, a condition such as thrombocytopenia may lead to death caused byhemorrhage to the brain or other vital organs. TreatmentThe exact treatment will vary depending on the cause of bruising; however, activity should be reduced to avoid the risk of trauma. Meanwhile, medications that alter platelet function (such as aspirin or other NSAIDs) should be discontinued. Any additional medical prescriptions will vary depending upon the cause of the bruising. Ferrets that show no interest in eating should be offered new foods recommended by your veterinarian, such as canned cat foods or commercial nutritional supplements. Living and ManagementFuture care after initial treatment will vary depending on the underlying cause of bruising. Patients with thrombocytopenia, for example, should have a daily platelet count until the condition improves. PreventionDue to the fact that there are a wide variety of causes that may lead to bruising disorders such as petechia or ecchymosis, there is no distinct method of prevention that can be recommended. Bot Fly Infestation in FerretsCuterebriasis in FerretsCuterebriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the bot fly species Cuterebra. Also called myiasis, this type of infection affects mammals including ferrets. The femaleCuterebra lays her eggs either in the grass (to be brushed by the fur of any outdoor animals walking by) or directly on the ferret. The warmth of the mammal’s body causes the eggs to hatch; the tiny maggots then burrow downward, headfirst, into the mammal’s skin, creating a hole.
Over time, the maggot will grow, causing a lump that can become as large as an egg to form in your ferret’s skin. In addition, the maturing maggot has mouthparts, which allows it chew and eat farther into your pet’s flesh as it grows. However, do not crush the lump in an attempt to kill the maggot, it will cause an allergic, sometimes fatal, reaction in your pet. It is best to take your pet to a veterinarian to surgically remove the maggot. Symptoms and Types Two black spots will be visible from the hole(s) created by the burrowing maggot, which are typically found on the neck, near the shoulder blades, or in the nose or mouth. These are spiracles at the tail end of the maggot through which it breathes and excretes waste products (a urine-like substance). The stress caused by this type of infection can lead to lethargy, fever, and loss of appetite (anorexia) in your ferret. And if the maggots accidentally migrate to the brain, it may cause:
DiagnosisYou will need to give your veterinarian a thorough history of the ferret’s health, including the onset and nature of the symptoms and possible incidents that might have precipitated this condition. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination as well as a biochemistry profile, urinalysis, complete blood count, and an electrolyte panel, especially if the ferret has a fever or exhibits inappetence. If your ferret has cuterebriasis, the veterinarian should be able to see the hole in which the maggot lives in during the physical exam. TreatmentYour veterinarian will attempt to enlarge the holes and extract the maggot with forceps. Anesthetizing the ferret is often recommended, especially if the maggots are so embedded that they require surgical excision. It is important your veterinarian remove the entire maggot, as leaving any part of the maggot in your pet may cause a severe immune reaction. Meanwhile, if the bot fly maggots have accidentally migrated to the brain, the ferret -- after being pretreated with anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics and allergy medication -- may be given Ivermectin to kill the parasite. However, the prognosis is guarded in these types of cases. Living and ManagementOnce the maggot has been removed, the exposed hole will be slow to heal. It may also drain and cause the surrounding skin to slough off before the entire wound heals. Your veterinarian will provide you with proper medications to alleviate the pain. PreventionIf you live in a high-risk area, your veterinarian may recommend administering topical flea and tick medication such as Imidacloprid and Fipronil, which is thought to kill off the Cuterebra maggots. Keeping your ferret indoors may also reduce the risk of infection. Cancer of Plasma Cells in FerretsMultiple Myeloma in FerretsMultiple myeloma is a rare form of cancer that is derived from a clonal population of cancerous (malignant) plasma cells. Although the cancerous cells typically concentrate in the bone marrow, they may also present themselves in the liver, spleen, kidney, pharynx, lung, gastrointestinal tract or lymph nodes. There have been only three reported cases of multiple myeloma disease in ferrets, but many others may go unreported.
Symptoms and TypesSymptoms depend on location and extent of disease. Some of the more common ones include:
Unknown DiagnosisThere are many conditions and diseases that can cause these symptoms, so your veterinarian will want to rule out other potential causes. He or she will do a thorough physical exam, blood test, and urinalysis initially. Your veterinarian may then X-ray the ferret’s skeleton and perform an ultrasound to examine the visceral organs. He or she may also do a bone-marrow aspiration to determine the extent of plasma cells therein. TreatmentIf there is an abnormal increase in the concentration of urea or other nitrogenous substance in its blood plasma, your ferret may require hospitalization. If your pet is dehydrated or refusing to eat, it may need to be hospitalized too. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are also often recommended by veterinarians; however, success rates and treatment protocols for these procedures have not been reported. Your veterinarian will discuss side effects with you. Areas unresponsive to chemotherapy or solitary lesions may be removed surgically. Congestive Heart Failure in FerretsLeft And Right-Sided Heart Failure in FerretsLeft- and right-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart fails to pump blood at the rate required to meet the basic needs of the body. Either disorder can lead to various heart or vascular problems, including lack of proper circulation of oxygen, blood clotting problems, stroke, pulmonary edema, or swelling of fluid in the body. In fact, all organ systems in the body can be affected negatively by congestive heart failure.
Symptoms and TypesThere are many signs and symptoms associated with congestive heart failure, many of which depend on the primary cause and overall health and wellness of the ferret in question. A few of the more typical symptoms include:
Heartworms are one of the causes for congestive heart failure, but in some cases it stems from hereditary causes. In other cases, a weak heart muscle can cause congestive heart failure. DiagnosisTo diagnose congestive heart failure in ferrets, veterinarians will often rule out other causes for tachycardia or arrhythmias such as hypoglycemia, cancer, neurological diseases, pneumonia, and abdominal infections or liver disorders. An echocardiogram will help identify cardiac masses such as tumors, heartworms, or other abnormalities of the heart, valves, and ventricles. Laboratory tests, meanwhile, may also confirm heartworm disease or identify fluid retention. TreatmentThe course of treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the heart failure. For example, heart medication such as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers may be employed. Ferrets with respiratory complications, meanwhile, will require oxygen therapy and those with electrolyte imbalances will require medication to help decrease swelling or fluid retention. A stress-free environment and rest is also important to reduce symptoms and recover quickly. Living and Management Prognosis may vary from ferret to ferret depending on the nature and severity of the disease and the type of care the animal receives in the short- and long-term. It is also important that the ferret be monitored closely, as fatal arrhythmias may develop quickly. Constipation and Blood in Stool in FerretsDyschezia and Hematochezia in FerretsDyschezia and hematochezia are diseases of the digestive and intestinal system that may result in inflammation and/or irritation of the rectum and anus, which in turn results in painful or difficult defecation. Ferrets with hematochezia can sometimes display bright red blood in the fecal matter, while those with dyschezia can also be affected by a concurrent disease affecting the color or gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms and TypesThe signs and symptoms of dyschezia and hematochezia in ferrets are not hard to spot and typically include blood in the stools and extreme pain when defecating, which is evidenced by the crying out or noises made during bowel movements. Some ferrets may even try to avoid bowel movements, which can lead to more severe issues. Other typical signs of dyschezia and hematochezia include muscle tremors, intense abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, incomplete defecation, and enlarged lymph nodes. CausesTypically, various gastrointestinal diseases or chronic diseases affecting the colon can cause inflammation of the rectum or anus, which in turn can lead to painful defecation and bleeding of the colon. Dyschezia and hematochezia may also be due to coccidiosis (especially in younger ferrets), infection with other organisms such as bacteria, and trauma to the colon or intestines. DiagnosisA veterinarian will want to rule out other causes for blood in stool and pain during defecation such as urinary tract infections, tumors, cystic diseases and bacterial infections. If your ferret has dyschezia or hemaotchezia, laboratory tests may reveal abnormally high levels of protein in the urine as well as confirm chronic diarrhea, inflammatory infectious diseases, floating fecal matter, prostate diseases, and cysts in the genital tract. TreatmentMost ferrets with dyschezia and hematochezia may be treated on an outpatient basis unless the underlying condition is severe enough to require supportive care. For example, dehydration or internal bleeding will need to be brought under control before further treatment can be undertaken. Rectoanal diseases, such as hernias of the perineum (the space between the genital and the anus) or rectoanal polyps, may require surgical correction. Your veterinarian may also prescribe antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and/or laxatives, depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Living and ManagementThe long-term outcome is good with proper and early treatment and care. Follow-up treatment is necessary to ensure a good long-term outcome. In addition, veterinarians can identify ferrets most at risk for the disease -- such as those living in high stress environments, those exposed to poor hygienic conditions, and those with concurrent conditions like colonic diseases or diseases affecting the colon and gastrointestinal tract -- and advise you how to manage your ferret's living conditions Cough in FerretsCoughing is fairly common among ferrets, or at least as much as it is in other animals. Formally defined as forceful exhalations of air through the glottis or mouth and throat, a cough may be brought on by a variety of factors, either automatic or inspired.
Symptoms and Types
Diagnostic exams such as X-rays and ultrasounds can also help identify cardiovascular disease(s) or disorders of the nasal, sinus, and lower respiratory tract. TreatmentYour veterinarian will typically only attempt to treat the underlying condition, especially when it is severe. Often he or she will recommend restricting the ferret's exercises, as it may aggravate the animal's condition. Living and ManagementYou will need to stay in communication with your veterinarian throughout the treatment period, relaying information about your ferret's response to the treatment and whether it is improving or worsening. You may also need to take your ferret back to the clinic for follow-up examinations so that your veterinarian can evaluate your dog's disease status and treatment progress. There, the treatment will be adjusted accordingly. In some ferrets, long-term therapy is required for a complete recovery. Take care when administering drugs to your ferret, as any drug, including cough suppressants, can be dangerous when given in the wrong amount. Cysts in the Urethra in FerretsUrogenital Cystic Disease in FerretsFerrets with this disease have cysts form on the upper portion of the bladder, surrounding the urinary passage. These cysts, which may arise from ducts in the prostate, are typically large. There may be just one cyst or many, and often they cause partial or complete obstruction of the urethra.
Due to the obstruction, the cysts may not only cause compression on the urethra and pain while urinating, but may lead to bacterial infection. Urogenital cystic disease is more common in males than females, and often occur in the spring. Symptoms and Types
Causes Cysts are usually formed as a result of overproduction of the sex hormones (estrogen, androgen) in ferrets. However, cysts in the prostrate may be caused by prostatic tumors, though it is rare. DiagnosisYour veterinarian will first run various tests on the ferret's blood and urine to differentiate from other common causes of urinary diseases. Abnormal blood sugar and hormone levels are excellent indicators of urogenital cystic disease. Cysts can also be confirmed via abdominal X-rays (with or without contrast dyes) and an ultrasound. If cysts are present, your veterinarian may recommend take a sample of fluid for further examination. TreatmentProstate and adrenal disease may be managed medically or surgically based on the symptoms. Surgery, for example, is used when the obstruction to the urethra is severe, or when the enlarged glands must be removed. Otherwise, antibacterialtreatment, hormonal management, and fluid and electrolyte therapy are often used to resolve the underlying issues and stabilize the ferret. Living and ManagementWith surgical therapy, the cyst may reduce in size in as little as two to three days. The prostate, meanwhile, may reduce in size gradually over a period of weeks to months with post-surgical therapy. During that time, your ferret's activity should be limited. PreventionNeutering at an older age may decrease the risk of the disease. Consult a veterinarian to verify if this is the case for your ferret. Diabetes in FerretsDiabetes Mellitus in FerretsThis form of diabetes causes the ferret's body to suffer from either an absolute shortage of insulin (Type I), or from an incorrect response from the cells to the insulin that is being produced, a condition termed insulin resistance (Type II). Both of these conditions will prevent the muscles and organs from converting glucose to energy, and will result in excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, which is also referred to as hyperglycemia. The deficiency in insulin, a hormone produced in thepancreas, will also affect the body's ability to properly metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Symptoms and TypesThe signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus in ferrets typically include the wasting away of muscle mass; excessive thirst (polydipsia) and need to urinate (polyuria); weight loss even with normal appetite; unusually high blood sugar levels; lethargy; and depression. As the disease progresses many ferrets lose the ability to eat and develop problems with anorexia and even increased or enlarged liver and spleen. CausesDiabetes mellitus in ferrets is caused most commonly by a condition known as hyperglycemia, where the blood sugar is too high resulting from improper insulin management in the body. This may result from surgery, especially surgical procedures that involve reducing the size of pancreatic tumors, which may disrupt the body's ability to maintain proper blood sugar levels. Basically, diabetes is not a disease that happens spontaneously in ferrets; something has to happen to stimulate its arousal or formation. DiagnosisUsually a formal diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made after a veterinarian confirms excessive weight loss, an increase in the concentration of glucose within the plasma consistently, and an increase in urinary output and protein in the ferret. Identifying a single cause of diabetes mellitus, however, may be challenging and may first require a differential diagnosis, where he or she will rule out other similar conditions such as kidney disease. Typically, blood sugar or glucose levels higher than 100 suggest the presence of diabetes although levels as high as 500 are common. Other common laboratory results include high levels of liver and kidney enzymes, low levels of electrolytes, and other related abnormalities. TreatmentMost cases of diabetes can be managed without complications, but for some ferrets the situation may be more challenging. Your veterinarian will make an individual treatment and management plan for your ferret based on the ferret's current disease status. He or she will also brief you on what to look for in case of either hypoglycemia(low levels of glucose) or hyperglycemia (high level of glucose), both of which can be seen in diabetic ferrets. Lowering insulin demands and balancing your ferret's food and liquid cravings to healthy levels is another priority, as obesity is one of the major risk factors for diabetes. Keeping a daily and weekly chart of your ferret's diet, glucose test results, daily insulin dose, and weekly body weight is highly recommended for following patterns and recognizing when your ferret deviates from it's regular pattern. There are various types of insulin available and a selection of the type that is appropriate to your ferret will made by your veterinarian. Living and ManagementFerrets with spontaneous resolution (or the complete resolution of their symptoms without care) are most likely to have the best possible odds of a recovery. However, long-term follow-up care is often warranted, especially in ferrets with severe cases of diabetes mellitus. To ensure proper recovery, follow your veterinarian's dietary regimen. Ferrets that receive insulin therapy because of high blood sugar levels due to recent pancreatic surgery are typically on it only for a temporary basis. Difficult, Painful And Frequent Urination In FerretsDysuria and Pollakiuria in FerretsPollakiuria refers to abnormally frequent urination, and dysuria is a condition that leads to painful urination. While the urinary bladder and urethra normally serve to store and release the urine, these two disorders affect the lower urinary tract by damaging the bladder wall or stimulating the nerve endings in the bladder or urethra. In other words, you'll have a ferret that goes to the bathroom often and in small amounts, and it may even have pain or discomfort when it urinates.
Symptoms and TypesThere are many signs and symptoms of dysuria and pollakiuria, including the increased need to urinate, pain and urgency when urinating, and the inability to urinate in regular amounts. Physical examination findings may depend on the causes and severity of the condition, or type of issues experienced by the animal, but often include:
TreatmentFerrets with less serious, nonobstructive lower urinary tract diseases are typically seen on an outpatient basis, while others requires hospitalization (especially those with bladder or abdominal masses). Treatment mainly depends on the underlying cause of the condition(s). But if an illness has led to dysuria and/or pollakiuria, it will include supportive therapies, along with any medication to help with the symptoms. Living and ManagementFollow-up care will include monitoring of chronic disease states associated with dysuria and pollakiuria, such as urinary tract obstructions or kidney and adrenal diseases. |